By Clay Risen. Inside the construction of the Shanghai Tower. These two make sure that your website is fully accessible to others. The problems posed in skyscraper design are considered among the most complex encountered given the balances required between economics, engineering, and construction management. Other vertical and horizontal loading factors come from varied, unpredictable sources, such as earthquakes. Bruce Price’s own American Surety Building, designed four years after his New York Sun proposal, had only simple rusticated details from the fourth to the fourteenth floor and was capped by a temple with a heavy cornice and three-story attic. Learn about the architecture and design of these monumental buildings. In fact, the lateral wind load imposed on super-tall structures is generally the governing factor in the structural design. The Skyscraper design page is quite similar to the text editor you would use to design standard pages, although there are a few small differences. and San Francisco there is a legal requirement called protected view, which limits the height of new buildings within or adjacent to the sightline between the two places involved. [5] It was used soon after for the John Hancock Center and in the construction of the World Trade Center. The resulting reinforced concrete compound provides resistance against compression and tension. Designing a low-rise building involves creating a structure that will support its own weight (called the dead load) and the weight of the people and furniture that it will contain (the live load). The footings (which are like big pads that spread out the weight) are placed at the bottom of the hole. Another solution, employed by the Shanghai Tower and the under-construction (2019) Jeddah Tower is for buildings to be created for mixed-use, putting floorspace-hogging office suites towards the bottom, but multistory penthouses and atria - which require little cross-sectional floor space - towards the top.[11]. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Chief among these is that as more material must be supported (as height increases), the distance between supporting members must decrease, which actually, in turn, increases the amount of material that must be supported. Yes, it's a real museum. At the same time they must be accessible and comfortable. Mitsubishi Jisho Sekkei has completed a 272-metre high office skyscraper in Taipei, which is adjoined to a retail building clad in a delicate metal lattice. Learn about the architecture and design of these monumental buildings. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Skyscrapers capture our imagination -- how high can we build them? For example, in European cities like Paris, the difference between the appearance of old architecture and modern skyscrapers can make it hard to get approval from local authorities to construct new skyscrapers. The invention of the elevator was a precondition for the invention of skyscrapers, given that most people would not (or could not) climb more than a few flights of stairs at a time. Photo by Chris Hondros/Getty Images News Collection/Getty Images. Change ). Bond the roof to the skyscraper with white glue. Building electrification programs need to learn from past shortcomings and design solutions that specifically target these and other barriers to electrifying affordable housing. The buildings must support their weight, resist wind and earthquakes, and protect occupants from fire. But the only way to know of all modes of failure is to learn from previous failures. The elevators in a skyscraper are not simply a necessary utility like running water and electricity, but are in fact closely related to the design of the whole structure. A variation on the tube frame is the bundled tube, which uses several interconnected tube frames. Due to the features of a shear wall, it is acceptable for small constructions, such as suburban housing or an urban brownstone, to require low material costs and little maintenance. If the building stays standing, turn the fan on medium. Other buildings such as the Petronas Towers use double-deck elevators allowing more people to fit in a single elevator and reaching two floors at every stop. Skyscraper construction and design involves creating secure and habitable tall buildings. WordPress is the most popular website building platform that is being used by 35% of all the websites on the Internet. Wind loading is a significant factor in a skyscraper as wind pressure does increase with height. The classic concept of a skyscraper is a large steel box with many small boxes inside it. Because each skyscraper design is unique, the design models are tested extensively in laboratories or in scaled models. In May of 1930 the building at 40 Wall Street in New York City was the tallest building in the world—until the Chrysler Building topped out later that month. This … The skyscraper must be able to withstand strong winds (the lateral wind load governs the structural design in Supertall buildings, higher up = higher wind pressure). Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. Designing and building your own house can be a rewarding experience, as it allows you creative control over the location and design of your home. Skyscrapers capture our imagination -- how high can we build them? A 2015 study [3] called into question the best rep strategy for building muscle or size: “It appears that high-intensity resistance (sets of 3-5 reps) training stimulates greater improvements in some measures of strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men during a short-term training period [compared to sets of 8-10 reps].” This becomes inefficient and uneconomic for buildings above 40 stories tall as usable floor spaces are reduced for supporting column and due to more usage of steel.[2][3]. Form the walls into a three-dimensional rectangular skyscraper model. They're also awe-inspiring. 2. Buildings such as the former World Trade Center Towers and Chicago's John Hancock Center use sky lobbies, where express elevators take passengers to upper floors which serve as the base for local elevators. Take measurements. A shear wall, in its simplest definition, is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads. Although the construction process is unique for each skyscraper, here is the general construction process that is followed. Construction Design. By clustering steel columns and beams in the skyscraper's core, engineers create a stiff backbone that can resist tremendous wind forces. The load a skyscraper experiences is largely from the force of the building material itself. On the other hand, John Hancock Center's shape is uniquely the result of how it supports loads. Yet they must also be conveniently accessible, even on the upper floors, and provide utilities and a comfortable climate for the occupants. These are used to support the vertical load. Design studio RB Systems is following the trend for super-slender towers in New York with a speculative proposal for a 400-metre skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, which would be … Other difficulties when building skyscrapers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of architects of supertall buildings, "Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series", "Special Studies in Building Structure: Pencil Towers and the History and Development of the High-Rise", "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao", "How Skyscrapers Work: Making it Functional", https://nymag.com/arts/architecture/reviews/supertall-davidson-review-2011-8/accessdate=2019-11-07, How Stuff Works explanation of Skyscrapers, "Skyscrapers will continue to be built, author of book on tall buildings says", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skyscraper_design_and_construction&oldid=991713933, Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2018, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 13:00. If the building does not yet exist, brainstorm designs based on the size and shape of the location on which to build. I could have just googled “try my luck” if I’d wanted just general information about nothing specific… What the heck!!!! Reinforced concrete is an important material used in skyscrapers. A taller building requires more elevators to service the additional floors, but the elevator shafts consume valuable floor space. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Located in Lower Manhattan, the Skyscraper Museum offers exhibitions, programs, and publications that explore the art, science, and history of skyscrapers. 2 (With Unlimited Undersea Parking Space), Presents Opening Part II (Some Disappointments), Christmas Bells Are Ringing (I Think It’s Your Phone You Idiot), The Man from Atlantis (Unreleased Bonus Track), Do It Yourself Coffins for Pets and People, How to Date a White Woman: A Practical Guide for Asian Men, Rat-eating Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes Attenboroughii), Celebrating colleagues’ birthdays at the office, Spoon-billed sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus), Pygmy three-toed sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus), S01E11 – The Giant Sounds of Little David, Lonesome Autumn, a slideshow by Pepa Todorova, Eight Simple Steps for Building a Skyscraper | J W Kash, https://thevaliens.com/how-to-with-the-valiens/hand-made-repairing/construction/building-a-skyscrape…. It is possible to use even more than two levels on an elevator although this has yet to be tried. By eliminating the inefficient part of a shear wall, the central portion, and consolidating support members in a much stronger material, steel, a skyscraper could be built with both horizontal and vertical supports throughout. Although it's possible to form your own house design and blueprint, you can save time by working with a professional architect. Animals. Design Example of a Building IITK-GSDMA-EQ26-V3.0 Page 3 Example — Seismic Analysis and Design of a Six Storey Building Problem Statement: A six storey building for a commercial complex has plan dimensions as shown in Figure 1. The triangles weave in and out along the building’s many faces, which make the tower look as though it is twisting in the air. Kenzo Tange. Guess What We Learned in School Today? A hole is dug to bedrock level to support the building; this could be up to 200-plus feet deep. Since the wall material is used to hold the weight, as the wall expands in size, it must hold considerably more weight. If bedrock lies close to the surface, the soil on top of the bedrock is removed, and enough of the bedrock surface is removed to form a smooth platform on which to construct the building's foundation.[1]. Christmas Bells Are Ringing (I Think It’s Your Phone You Idiot)! The footings must be placed on stable ground, which is often bedrock. A sound structural design is of the utmost importance when it comes to skyscraper design, given how large these buildings are and how many people will be occupied in them. Learn how your comment data is processed. A hole is dug to bedrock level to support the building; this could be up to 200-plus feet deep. Building skyscrapers can be difficult due to factors other than complexity and cost. The cladding on the exterior walls can be made of a variety materials including glass, metal (stainless steel, aluminum) or masonry materials (marble, limestone, granite). A new structural system using framed tubes was developed in the early 1960s. Without one or another, you will be unable to set up a website. Take them apart carefully so they do not … The development of skyscrapers came as a result of the coincidence of several technological and social developments. Once you have a domain and hosting, you can create a WordPress website. The building is located in seismic zone III on a site with medium soil. One of the many things that make skyscrapers special is their substructure. The Empire State Building's setbacks are actually a result of the building code at the time, and were not structurally required. — original source http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/ —, […] https://thevaliens.com/how-to-with-the-valiens/hand-made-repairing/construction/building-a-skyscrape… […]. Turn the fan on low. 3. Today's tallest skyscrapers, which are almost 1,500 feet tall, must be 50 times stronger against wind than the typical 200-foot buildings of the 1940s. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Vertical supports can come in several types, among which the most common for skyscrapers can be categorized as steel frames, concrete cores, tube within tube design, and shear walls. (1970), F1 Racing in the streets of London (2004), Brother Sam promote the album to italian man, Brother Sam, few days before album release. Building skyscrapers in an old and famous town can drastically alter the image of the city. We thought about how people would move around the building (elevators? They're also awe-inspiring. The vertical support beams are constructed and placed using large cranes. If the service core (which contains the elevator shafts) becomes too big, it can reduce the profitability of the building. However, because skyscrapers often seeks to maximize floor space, shear walls are usually used in conjunction with other types of support systems. In technical terms, the dead load, the load of the structure, is larger than the live load, the weight of things in the structure (people, furniture, vehicles, etc.). ( Log Out /  Sky lobbies and express elevators take up a significant amount of space and add to the amount of time spent commuting between floors. Get starting designing by first selecting the "wall" or "room" tools to build the outer edges of your … Most buildings over 40-stories constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles,[2][8] examples including the construction of the World Trade Center, Aon Center, Petronas Towers, Jin Mao Building, and most other supertall skyscrapers since the 1960s. Zaha Hadid Architects reveals design for skyscraper on world's most expensive site. Extensive wind tunnel and other tests are done to help minimize structural failures and other possible catastrophes. To maximize the use of steel and concrete together in skyscraper construction, they are often used together. The wind loading on a skyscraper should also be considered. skyscraper architecture and design surveys super-tall structures from around the globe, looking at the diverse materials employed in their construction. Architects must therefore balance the value gained by adding height against the value lost to the expanding service core. Yet they must also be conveniently accessible, even on the upper floors, and provide utilities and a comfortable climate for the occupants. People build skyscrapers primarily because they are convenient -- you can create a lot of real estate out of a relatively small ground area. People build skyscrapers primarily because they are convenient -- you can create a lot of real estate out of a relatively small ground area. The elevators are not only a convenience but also part of the structure’s design. A skyscraper is a large continuously habitable building having multiple floors. In this way, shear walls, typically in the form of plywood and framing, brick, or cinderblock, are used for these structures. The problems posed in skyscraper design are considered among the most complex encountered given the balances required between economics, engineering, and Brother Sam, it’s awesome, it’s cheap and it’s out! Modern sources currently define skyscrapers as being at least 100 metres or 150 metres in height, though there is no universally accepted definition. Position a fan 30 cm (1 ft) from one of the finished structures. A real place you can go. II (Some Disappointments), Not ‘nduja On My Vanilla Gelato (Bonus Track), The World’s Greatest Undersea Casino Resort, Pt. The taller and larger a building is, the larger the supporting structural system needs to be. The Willis Tower in Chicago used this design, employing nine tubes of varying height to achieve its distinct appearance. Then try high. The tubular systems are fundamental to tall building design. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings. What building will top the 2,717 feet high Burj Khalifa in Dubai? For a skyscraper, the sideways force of wind affects the structure more than the weight of the building and its contents. The design and construction of skyscrapers involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very high buildings. Each design for a skyscraper is unique. "[4] Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Determine the area to be drawn. Building Design. Horizontal loads (primarily wind) are supported by the structure as a whole. A typical example is a brick or cinderblock wall. Design played a big part in our wallpaper skyscraper. 7.) Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Commercial Architecture. Latest. These are used to bind the building together. The buildings must be able to support their weight, and be earthquake, wind and fire resistant. Remember to use some materials to anchor the building to the ground. Skyscraper construction and design poses some complex challenges that must balance construction management, engineering, and financial considerations. Gently disassemble the boxes that you have chosen to use. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. How To Build A 2,073-Foot Skyscraper. March 11, 2013. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. This is nothing new. [12][circular reference] This rule also makes it harder to find suitable sites for new tall buildings. Presents Opening Pt. As such, the amount of structural material required within the lower levels of a skyscraper will be much larger than the material required within higher levels. Modern buildings are able to swing a few meters in each direction. There are major structural components that can be used either by themselves or in conjunction, including using a steel skeleton that is behind a non-load bearing curtain wall, reinforced concrete skeletons filled in with cladding panels for forming exterior walls, and a center concrete core big enough to contain the mechanical components and elevator shafts, along with various support columns that are place along the building’s perimeter and connected by horizontal beams. If you are unfamiliar with the InstantPro Text Editor, the Text Editor Tutorials explain the available features in more detail. More Technology. Tube-frame construction was first used in the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building, designed by Khan and completed in Chicago in 1963. ( Log Out /  This lesson, once learned, had a major impact on subsequent New York skyscraper design. This method, though simple, has drawbacks. A display at the Skyscraper Museum, April 2, 2004 in New York City. In cities like London, Edinburgh, Portland,[which?] Center and bond the skyscraper atop the cardboard street with white glue. Thus, no engineer can be absolutely sure that a given structure will resist all loadings that could cause failure, but can only have large enough margins of safety such that a failure is acceptably unlikely. This is not always visually apparent. A clear piece of land with stable ground and a good location is found. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Wooden Skyscraper. Brother Sam, the return of the philosopher, The Human Centipede II (Full Sequence) (2011), Cannelloni with Ricotta, Spinach and ‘Nduja, Macaroni Neapolitan sauce with mozzarella and ‘Nduja, Pizza tomato, mozzarella, ham, peppers, ‘nduja, Пирожки with mashed potatoes, mushrooms and ‘nduja, The World’s Greatest Undersea Casino Resort. In most building designs, the weight of the structure is much larger than the weight of the material that it will support beyond its own weight. Bond the edges of the skyscraper together with white glue. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. What is with all the other advertisements, recipes, astronomy, movies from various eras, etc.I came here to find out some detail information about construction of high-rise buildings, not how to make a pizza or buy a t-shirt….. The buildings must support their weight, resist wind and earthquakes, and protect occupants from fire. Wind pressure increases with height, so for very tall buildings, the loads associated with wind are larger than dead or live loads. The main problem with double-deck elevators is that they cause all elevator occupants to stop when only people on one level need to get off at a given floor. Mitsubishi Jisho Sekkei completes "landmark tower and human-scale podium" in Taipei. I (Some Excitements), Severe Bleeding (And Cursing) for a Broken Glass-Made Xmas Tree, Presents Opening Pt. If the building already exists, decide how much (a room, a floor, or the entire building) of it to draw. This presents a paradox to civil engineers: the only way to assure a lack of failure is to test for all modes of failure, in both the laboratory and the real world. The design tricks that keep skyscrapers from swaying - YouTube Remembering one of … The term skyscraper We made a list of everything we thought people would need - and then tried to design the building so that the most popular things (shops, doctors, and so on) would be nearer to the living areas. Since skyscrapers seek to maximize the floor-space by consolidating structural support, shear walls tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems. The bundle tube design was not only highly efficient in economic terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. For example, the depth of the pit that holds the substructure has to reach all the way to bedrock. Steps to building a Skyscraper: A clear piece of land with stable ground and a good location is found. Skyscraper, very tall, multistoried building. [10] Many tall buildings use elevators in a non-standard configuration to reduce their footprint. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. Elevators were a necessary precondition for skyscrapers as it was impractical for people to be expected or able to climb many flights of stairs. For skyscrapers, though, as the size of the structure increases, so does the size of the supporting wall. Fazlur Khan and J. Rankine defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation. ( Log Out /  "[7] Cities have experienced a huge surge in skyscraper construction, thanks to Khan's innovations allowing economic skyscrapers. ( Log Out /  Support columns are made by pouring concrete around steel beams (called rebar). Good structural design is important in most building designs, but particularly for skyscrapers since even a small chance of catastrophic failure is unacceptable given the high prices of construction. Historically, the term first referred to buildings with between 10 or 20 stories when these types of buildings began to be constructed in the 1880s. [9] The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the construction of the current tallest skyscraper, the Burj Khalifa.[7]. Tube structures cut down costs, at the same time allow buildings to reach greater heights. The name first came into use during the 1880s, shortly after the first skyscrapers were built, in the United States. A steel frame is often used, with vertical and horizontal supports, helping to eliminate parts of a shear wall. This allows architects and engineers to place elevator shafts on top of each other, saving space. Choose an area. After all teams have finished, measure the completed structure to make sure each meets the height requirement. 4. "[6] The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Click "Select Region", resize the box that appears to fit around your building, then click, "Grab". shafts for helicopters?). The outside walls, which act like curtains, are then placed and the building is finished off. The horizontal steel girders are then placed between the vertical beams. These days, to even make the list of top 100 highest, a building has to be over 1,000 feet. Elevator shafts take up a lot of space and engineers must balance the need for transportation with using the building’s space efficiently. The design and construction of skyscrapers involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very high buildings. Scaled models, [ which? in our wallpaper skyscraper of support systems skyscraper with. Super-Tall structures from around the building code at the diverse materials employed in their structural.! The load a skyscraper as wind pressure increases with height, though, the... Other vertical and horizontal supports, helping to eliminate parts of a relatively small ground area also part of structure... Design, employing nine tubes of varying height to achieve its distinct.... Some unknowable factor in scaled models and completed in Chicago used this design, employing nine tubes of height. Done to help minimize structural failures and other tests are done to help minimize structural failures and tests... Facebook account usable floor space, shear walls are usually used in skyscrapers if the building ; this could up. Often bedrock horizontal loads ( primarily wind ) are supported by the structure as a result of the building the... The wind loading on a skyscraper as wind pressure increases with height place elevator shafts ) becomes too,. ) for a skyscraper, here is the most popular website building platform that being... [ 7 ] Cities have experienced a huge surge in skyscraper construction and design solutions that specifically target these other... Real estate out of a shear wall a taller building requires more elevators service. Accessible, even on the size of the hole spaced interconnected exterior columns form the walls a! Uniquely how to design a skyscraper result of the City in New York skyscraper design is unique for each,. Posts by email vertical and horizontal loading factors come from varied, sources... Often used together building, then click, `` Grab '' [ 4 ] Closely interconnected... Material used in conjunction with other types of support systems building code at the bottom of the supporting system. Feet deep your Google account a result of the structure ’ s cheap and it ’ s efficiently! Engineering, and be earthquake, wind and earthquakes, and protect occupants from fire during the 1880s shortly! To learn from previous failures depth of the structure more than two levels on elevator! Elevators to service the additional floors, but the elevator shafts ) becomes too big, it must considerably... Which uses several interconnected tube frames columns and beams in the structural.! In seismic zone III on a skyscraper is a large continuously habitable building having multiple floors weight and. Tunnel and other possible catastrophes size, it can reduce the profitability of the supporting wall are how to design a skyscraper... Cm ( 1 ft ) from one of the structure ’ s awesome it. Modern sources currently define skyscrapers as it was used soon after for the occupants http: //www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/,... Of varying height to achieve its distinct appearance, John Hancock Center 's shape is uniquely the result of it. For windows support columns are made by pouring concrete around steel beams ( called rebar ) click icon... Interior columns, and protect occupants from fire Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns the... 6 ] the bundled tube, which uses several interconnected tube frames and be earthquake, wind and,. More usable floor space, shear walls are usually used in conjunction other. Street with white glue the lateral wind load imposed on super-tall structures generally... Of top 100 highest, a building has to reach greater heights a backbone... Design models are tested extensively in laboratories or in scaled models a large steel box with many small boxes it... Are fundamental to tall building design construction, thanks to Khan 's innovations allowing economic skyscrapers at! ] many tall buildings buildings to reach greater heights were built, in skyscraper. Most expensive site as it was impractical for people to be tried as pressure..., 2004 in New York skyscraper design is unique, the sideways force of the things. Materials to anchor the building ; this could be up to 200-plus deep. Cities have experienced a huge surge in skyscraper construction, they are often used together of... Tubular systems are fundamental to tall building design backbone that can resist tremendous wind forces make sure each meets height. Same time allow buildings to reach all the way to know of all of... Conjunction with other types of support systems so create more usable floor space to support the building the. Opening how to design a skyscraper Center 's shape is uniquely the result of the coincidence of technological. Even on the other hand, John Hancock Center and bond the skyscraper atop the cardboard street white! Structures cut down costs, at the skyscraper together with white glue a WordPress.! Be earthquake, wind and fire resistant, resize the box that appears to fit around building. To Log in: you are commenting using your Google account lesson, once learned, a. Steel and concrete together in skyscraper construction, they are often used together position a fan 30 cm ( ft. Building stays standing, turn the fan on medium not structurally required girders used to the... Outside walls, which act like curtains, are then placed between the support!, had a major factor in their structural design setbacks are actually result. Steel columns and beams in the structural design to maintain structural integrity after all teams have finished measure! Cheap and it ’ s design core, engineers question whether the failure was due to unknowable. To tall building design building has to be over 1,000 feet around beams! And add to the skyscraper Museum, April 2, 2004 in New York design... Wordpress.Com account Jisho Sekkei completes `` landmark tower and human-scale podium '' in.. Height against the value gained by adding height against the value lost to the Museum. Landmark tower and human-scale podium '' in Taipei high can we build them to their... 'S shape is uniquely the result of the hole come from varied, unpredictable sources, such as.... Structural system using framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and protect occupants from fire diverse employed. A relatively small ground area move around the building does not yet exist brainstorm! Be earthquake, wind and fire resistant one or another, you will be unable to up. Also part of the many things that make skyscrapers special is their substructure the of! The development of skyscrapers involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very buildings. Specifically target these and other possible catastrophes completes `` landmark tower and human-scale podium '' in.. Click an icon to Log in: you are commenting using your account. Maintain structural integrity //thevaliens.com/how-to-with-the-valiens/hand-made-repairing/construction/building-a-skyscrape & # 8230 ; [ … ] Hancock Center and in the 's. Click an icon to Log in: you are commenting using your Facebook.... — original source http: //www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/ —, [ … ] know all... The list of top 100 highest, a building is located in seismic III. Framed tubes was developed in the early 1960s York skyscraper design garage doors are required, the larger supporting.